Istituzioni anticorruzione in Europa

Federal Bureau of Anti-Corruption (Bundesamt zur Korruptionsprävention und Korruptionsbekämpfung, BAK)
Website: https://www.bak.gv.at
Structure: Within the ministry of interior
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: Minister of Interior (after consultation with the constitutional court, administrative court, and supreme court)
Budgetary independence: yes
Note: the focus of BAK is investigation and law enforcement, but it has increasingly been involved in preventive efforts. Based on activities undertaken, it may arguably be classified as a multi-purpose agency.

Central Office for the Repression of Corruption (Office Central pour la Répression de la Corruption, OCRC)
Structure: within the federal police under the authority of the general commissariat of the judicial police
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: N/A
Budgetary independence: N/A

Agency for the Prevention of Corruption and the Coordination of the Fight Against Corruption (Agencija za prevenciju korupcije i koordinaciju borbe protiv korupcije)
Website: http://apik.ba/
Structure: independent (reports to parliament)
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: parliament
Budgetary independence: yes

Office for the Suppression of Corruption and Organised Crime (Ured za suzbijanje korupcije i organiziranog kriminala, USKOK)
Structure: within the public prosecutor’s office
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: public prosecutor general (after receiving opinion from the Ministry of Justice and state council of public prosecution)
Budgetary independence: No

National Transparency Authority (ΕΘΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΗ ΔΙΑΦΑΝΕΙΑΣ (EAA))
Website: https://aead.gr
Structure: semi-independent (listed as an independent body, but directors are appointed by the president)
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: government/president
Budgetary independence: N/A

Note: the EAA was only recently established (late 2019) and limited information is so far available. While it is supposed to take a largely investigative role, it is unclear whether it will be given enforcement or sanctioning powers. Depending on how it will be implemented, a re-classification as a multi-purpose agency may be warranted.

French Anti-Corruption Agency (Agence Française Anticorruption, AFA)
Website: https://www.agence-francaise-anticorruption.gouv.fr/fr
Structure: under the ministries of justice and budget
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: appointed by the president (but not removable unless in clear breach)
Budgetary independence: N/A

Note: the AFA does not have a strong investigative function and has no prosecutorial powers. However, due to its strong monitoring role, involvement in court-ordered enforcement actions against private sector entities and ability to apply administrative sanctions, it is classified as a multi-purpose agency here. But could arguably also be classified as a strong category III agency.

Anti-Corruption Agency (Agjencia Kundër Korrupsionit, AKK)
Website: https://www.akk-ks.org/en/ballina
Structure: independent (reports to the national assembly)
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: parliament
Budgetary independence: yes

Note: the AKA has some limited authority to undertake preliminary investigations into administrative matters that are reported to them, before passing the matter on to prosecution.

National Anticorruption Authority (Autorità Nazionale Anticorruzione, ANAC)
Website: https://www.anticorruzione.it
Structure: independent (reports to parliament)
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: appointed by a two-thirds majority in a parliamentary commission and approved by the council of ministers. Fixed term limit, non-renewable. Cannot be removed from office.
Budgetary independence: yes

Note: ANAC plays no investigative role, but as part of its oversight functions can apply administrative sanctions for very select matters.

Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau (Korupcijas Novēršanas un Apkarošanas Birojs, KNAB)
Website: https://www.knab.gov.lv/lv/
Structure: independent (under the prime minister’s supervision but not direction; accountable to parliament)
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: parliament
Budgetary independence: Yes

Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania (Specialiųjų tyrimų tarnyba, STT)
Website: https://www.stt.lt/en
Structure: independent (accountable to president and parliament)
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head:president, with parliamentary approval
Budgetary independence: yes

National Anti-Corruption Center (Centrul Naţional Anticorupţie, CNA)
Website: http://www.cna.md
Structure: independent (reports to parliament)
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: N/A
Budgetary independence: N/A

Agency for Prevention of Corruption (Agencije za sprječavanje korupcije, ACP)
Website: http://antikorupcija.me/en/
Structure: pendent
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: parliament
Budgetary independence: N/A

State Commission for Prevention of Corruption (Државната комисија за спречување на корупција, DKSK)
Website: https://dksk.mk/index.php?id=home
Structure: independent (reports to parliament)
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: parliament
Budgetary independence: N/A

National Authority for Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime (Den sentrale enhet for etterforskning og påtale av økonomisk kriminalitet og miljøkriminalitet, ØKOKRIM)

Website: https://www.okokrim.no
Structure: part of the national police directorate (in individual cases subject to the authority of the public prosecution service)
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: N/A
Budgetary Independence: N/A

Anti-Corruption Agency (Агенција за борбу против корупције)
Website: http://www.acas.rs
Structure: independent (accountable to the national assembly)
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: the board of the agency (which is voted for by the national assembly)
Budgetary independence: no

Commission for the Prevention of Corruption (Komisija za preprečevanje korupcije, KPK)
Website: https://www.kpk-rs.si
Structure: independent organisation (reports to parliament /supervised by a parliamentary commission)
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: appointed by the president (after an open recruitment procedure and nomination by an independent selection board). Removable by the president in cases of constitutional or legal breaches.
Budgetary independence: yes

Note: investigative power is limited and only in administrative matters (could also be categorised as a category III agency).

Central Anti-Corruption Bureau (Centralne Biuro Antykorupcyjne, CBA)
Website: https://cba.gov.pl
Structure: under the supervision of the prime minister
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: prime minister (after a consultation with the president, the special services committee, and the Parliamentary Committee for Special Services)
Budgetary independence: N/A

National Unit to Combat Corruption (Unidade Nacional de Combate à Corrupção, UNCC)
Website: https://www.policiajudiciaria.pt/uncc/
Structure: part of the national police
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: N/A
Budgetary independence: N/A

National Anti-Corruption Directorate (Directia Nationala Anticoruptie, DNA)
Structure: part of the prosecutor’s office, attached to the high court of cassation and justice
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: president (at the proposal of the minister of justice and following an advisory note by the superior council of the magistracy)
Budgetary independence: yes

Special Prosecutors Office for the Repression of Corruption-Related Economic Offences (Fiscalía Anticorrupción, ACPO)
Structure: within the state prosecution service
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: government, after suggestion from the prosecutor General
Budgetary independence: N/A

National Anti-Corruption Unit
Website: https://www.aklagare.se/en/contact/public-prosecution-areas/national-public-prosecution-department/national-anti-corruption-unit/
Structure: sub-division of the public prosecution
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: N/A
Budgetary independence: N/A

National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (Національного антикорупційного бюро України, NABU)
Website: https://nabu.gov.ua/en
Structure: NABU reports to a parliamentary committee. A civil oversight council monitors its activities.
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: the director is appointed by the president, after an open competition supervised by a civil oversight council. Dismissal only in limited cases and on serious grounds,
Budgetary independence: N/A
Note: while the NABU’s main role is to investigate and prepare cases for prosecution, it undertakes substantial preventive activities
The Ukraine also has a preventive ACA, the National Agency on Corruption Prevention (NACAP).

Serious Fraud Office (SFO)
Website: https://www.sfo.gov.uk
Structure: semi-independent public institution under the oversight of the attorney general
Who can appoint/remove the ACA head: attorney general
Budgetary independence: see case study